2901. The soil air contains a number of gases ______________ & water vapours:
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A. Carbon dioxide

B. Nitrogen

C. Oxygen

D. All of the above
2902. International day of forest is celebrated on___________?
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A. None of the above

B. 15-Mar

C. 3-Mar

D. March-21
2903. Exposure of the manures to rains causes highest loss of___________?
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A. P

B. Cl

C. N

D. Cu

2904. In Pakistan, Nitrophos is manufactured in_________?
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A. Sawat

B. Shikarpoor

C. Lasbella

D. Multan
2905. Biological Weathering involves:
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A. Micro- organisms

B. Man and Animals

C. Higher Plants and Roots

D. All of these
2906. Small rivulets or finger like channels formed on the surface of earth by action of water, these channels are of small depth & can be leveled by tillage operations is:
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A. Sheet erosio.

B. Gully erosion

C. None of these

D. Stream bank erosion

2907. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) is a well-accepted approach for the sustainable management of________?
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A. Soil Productivity

B. Increased crop production

C. both a and B

D. None of these

2908. The internal & external surfaces of soil colloids are positively and or negatively charged. Mostly ____________ is dominant:
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A. Negative

B. Zero

C. All of the above

D. Positive

2909. Process of mixing of soils is known as_________?
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A. The correct option is not present above

B. Laterization

C. Lessivage

D. Gleization

2910. Which of the following nutrient elements are regarded as energy exchangers:
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A. Hydrogen

B. Oxygen

C. Both A & B

D. None of these

2911. 1 meq of HCl is equal to_________?
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A. 14 mg of N

B. 140 mg of N

C. 0.14 mg of N

D. 1.4 mg of N

2912. Soil is a variable mixture of Major components:
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A. Solids

B. Gases

C. All of the above

D. Liquids

2913. The deficient macronutrient in the sodic soils is:_______?
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A. Cu

B. Mg

C. Mo

D. Ca
2914. Although some acid soils do exist in the northern mountainous regions of Pakistan (Mansehra, Sawat, Dir). Almost all cultivated soils of the country are ________________, with high base saturation and low organic matter content (generally less than 1%)?
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A. Alkaline

B. Very much acidic

C. Calcareous

D. both A & C
2915. Which bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate___________________?
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A. Pseudomonas

B. Frankia

C. Nitrobacter

D. None of the above

2916. The suitable species for reclamation of saline & sodic soil is:__________?
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A. Casuarina equisetifolia

B. Albizia lebbeck

C. Both A & B

D. None of the above

2917. The unit of a scale used to measure the level of acidity or alkalinity of chemicals is called:
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A. Ec

B. Pascal

C. pH

D. None of the above

2918. Walkley and blacks method of organic matter determination allows recovery of ______ ? organic carbon content:
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A. 45 ?

B. 33?

C. 44 ?

D. None of the above
2919. Inorganic constituents vary in size from fine clay particles _________ mm to large _________ mm gravel and rock:
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A. None of the above

B. 0.02 mm- 0.2 mm

C. < 0.002 mm- >2 mm

D. 0.5 mm 1.0 mm

2920. The process of transformation of raw organic matter into humus:
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A. Illuviation

B. Humification

C. Calcification

D. Horizonation

2921. The virus infecting bacteria is called:_________?
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A. Bacteriophage

B. Bacteroid

C. Bacterin

D. All of these

2922. Nitrogen fixation is accomplished by:_________?
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A. Bacteria from atmosphere

B. None of these

C. Plants

D. Fungi

2923. In Pakistan, approximately __________ mha of irrigated land is affected by salinization:
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A. 8.2 mha

B. None of the above

C. 12.6 mha

D. 5.7 mha
2924. What is the pH of calcareous soils?
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A. 6.5-7.5

B. 8.5-9.0

C. 8.0-8.5

D. 7.0-7.5

2925. Which of the following is wrong?
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A. Soil texture influences behavior of soil.

B. The arrangement of soil aggregates is called soil structure.

C. The relative percentage of sand, silt, clay is soil texture.

D. Sandy soils have higher sand percentage with more water holding capacity
2926. The credit for identifying the essentality of K, Ca, Mg and P to planta goes to________?
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A. Dr. Muhammad Sharif et al.

B. C. Sprengel

C. Theodore Saussure

D. Shafiq Khalil et al.

2927. Examples of prismatic structures are found in the _______________ mapped in KPK and the northern part of Punjab.
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A. All of the above

B. Peshawar series

C. wazirabad & pindorian series

D. Gujranwala series

2928. Which is/are dominating salt/s in alkali soil:
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A. NaHCO<sub>3</sub>

B. Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>

C. MgSO<sub>4</sub>

D. th a & b
2929. Which mulch reduce soil temperature?
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A. Polythene

B. White polythene

C. Black polythene

D. Both B&C

2930. Sustainable technologies to improve soil fertility and physical condition:
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A. Regular use of FYM, Composts, acidic mulches, Green manures and Organic fertilizers to increase OM content of Soil.

B. All of the above

C. Balance use of NPK fertilizers according to the need of crops.

D. Following proper crop rotation (shallow rooted and deep root crops) in the cropping session.

2931. Soil order characterized by excess of weathering with dominant iron and aluminium oxide clays, common in tropics is_________?
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A. Entisols

B. Oxisols

C. Alfisols

D. Mollisols

2932. Some times, AB/EB/BA/BE horizons in soil profile are present which are called__________?
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A. Master horizons

B. Transition horizons

C. All of the above

D. Little horizons

2933. Rate of entry of water in soil is__________?
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A. Leaching

B. Infiltration

C. Seepage

D. Percolation

2934. Silica tetrahedron is__________?
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A. Six sided arrangement

B. Eight sided arrangement

C. Four sided arrangement

D. both A & B

2935. Soil is a mixture of__________?
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A. Air

B. Water

C. All of the above

D. Minerals And organic matter

2936. Which nutrients are immobile in plants?
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A. Ca

B. P

C. B

D. Both A & C
2937. The diagnostic techniques used in evaluating soil nutrient status and determining fertilizer requirements of the crop include:
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A. Plant analysis

B. All of the above

C. Greenhouse pot experimentation & soil testing

D. Nutrient deficiency symptoms & field experimentation

2938. Tunnel erosion is the form of:__________?
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A. Gully Erosion

B. Rainsplash erosion

C. Rill erosion

D. Sheet erosion

2939. Organisms satisfying their carbon requirement as Co2 from atmosphere and energy requirement from oxidation of simple inorganic compound are called as_________?
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A. Chemoautotroph

B. None of these

C. Saprophyte

D. Photoautotroph

2940. If a manure pile is exposed to the rain, what nutrient will be lost the most ?
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A. N

B. Ca

C. S

D. Mg

2941. The kind, rate and intensity and pedogenic processes are controlled by ________ ,soil-forming factors?
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A. 7

B. 4

C. None of the above

D. 6

2942. Soil particles as individuals such as sand and do not form aggregates. These are usually found in parent material or C horizon is:_________?
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A. All of the above

B. Single-grained

C. Massive

D. Aggregated

2943. Father of soil conservation and Father of Pedology respectively?
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A. Winogradsky & R. Morphy

B. Winogradsky & Dokuchaev

C. Bennett & Dokuchaev

D. both A & B

2944. The available soil is being polluted quickly by _____________ wastes.
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A. Agricultural

B. Industrial

C. Household

D. All of the above
2945. Sulphur is an essential component of:__________?
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A. All of these

B. Cystein

C. Cystine

D. Methionine

2946. Humic acid is soluble in____________________?
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A. Acid

B. Alkali

C. Both a & b

D. None of the above

2947. The tension of the water at the upper plastic limit is equivalent to pF value:
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A. 2.5 3.5

B. 0.5

C. 2

D. 1

2948. The first mechanism to start in the wind erosion is_________?
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A. Saltation

B. Creep

C. Siltation

D. None of these
2949. Soil samples are collected:
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A. Boundaries of the field

B. Field with upper white layer of salts

C. None of these

D. From the field with immediate application of fertilizer or amendments

2950. Which of the following crop takes N in ammonical form:
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A. Rice

B. Wheat

C. Mustard

D. Cotton