3101. The maximum amount of water which a soil can hold after free drainage has ceased is called as_______?
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A. Water harvesting

B. Water use efficiency

C. Water potencial

D. Water holding capacity
3102. Aridisols cover the largest in Pakistan_______?
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A. 278,910 km<sup>2</sup>

B. 259,710 km2

C. 269,810 km<sup>2</sup>

D. None of these

3103. Wind transported materials if it is silt dominated is__________?
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A. Colluvial

B. Eolian

C. Alluvial

D. Loess
3104. Clay and humus particles are referred to as colloids and are less than 0.002mm. Due to their small size, colloids have ________________ surface area which provides surface for adsorption, catalysis, precipitation and microbial colonization:
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A. Very little

B. None of these

C. Extremely high

D. Extremely low

3105. Combination of soil genesis and classification is collectively called_________?
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A. Pedology

B. Poly pedology

C. Edaphology

D. None of the above

3106. Organic Soils are classified as ____________ and are also known as ____________ soils:
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A. Alfisols. fine & coarse textured

B. Ultisols, Fe & Al rich

C. None of the above

D. Histosols, peat & muck
3107. Which leaf of rice is sampled for tissue nutrient analysis?
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A. Mature leaf

B. Lower leaf

C. Both A & B

D. None of these
3108. Weathering is the natural process of__________?
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A. Disintegration

B. Sedimentation

C. Decomposition

D. both A & C
3109. Conservation agriculture improves the water use efficiency of dryland systems. It has components:
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A. Residue return to keep at least 30% of soil covered

B. all of the above

C. Reduced soil disturbance through no-till or minimum till

D. Crop rotations for better utilization of available water & nutrients

3110. The instrument used for measuring the photosynthetically active radiations (PAR) is:________?
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A. Pyrheliometer

B. Pyrgeometer

C. Quantom sensor

D. Both A & C

3111. Element responsible pollen grain of plant__________?
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A. P

B. N

C. B

D. K

3112. According to one estimate, wind and water erosion over ______ % of the Pakistans total area?
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A. None of the above

B. 76%

C. 46%

D. 36%

3113. The seventieth element included in the list of essential nutrient element is:__________?
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A. Cobalt

B. Vanadium

C. Nickle

D. Sodium

3114. The availability of essential nutrients from soil to the plants is controlled by the ________ properties of soil:
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A. Physical

B. chemical

C. Biological

D. both A & B

3115. Organic matter influences:_________?
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A. Cation exchange capacity

B. Aggregate stability

C. All of the above

D. Water holding capacity

3116. The configuration of a surface and the relations among its man-made and natural features is called:________?
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A. All of the above

B. topograpy

C. Topography

D. Tofography

3117. Potassium (K) fixation capacity is maximum in:____________?
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A. Illite

B. Montmorillonitic

C. Vermiculite

D. Amorphous clay

3118. Humus generally refers to the decomposed organic residues which have undergone a series of degradation and synthesis cycles. The humic substances consist of a series of highly acidic, yellow to black coloured, high molecular weight compounds __________________, which can be separated using different extraction procedures:
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A. Hymatomelanic acid & Humin

B. Humic acid & Fulvic acid

C. both A & B

D. None of these

3119. Loss of nitrogen in the form of NH3 in alkaline medium is known as_________?
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A. None of these

B. Leaching

C. Denitrification

D. Volatilization
3120. In cation exchange, 18 mg of Ammonium ion can be exchanged for__________?
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A. 6 mg of Al

B. 12 mg of mg

C. 46 mg of Na

D. 40 mg of Ca

3121. If the chlorophyll content in plant increases, the solar radiation transmitted:
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A. None of these

B. Decreases

C. Increases

D. Constant

3122. The unique soil environment under the influence of plants roots is called rhizosphere and this term was given by__________?
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A. Helium. S. Denial

B. A.Q khan

C. Aristotle et al.

D. Hiltner
3123. World biodiversity day is celebrated on:_________?
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A. 2-Mar

B. 22-Apr

C. May-22

D. 21-Mar

3124. Which chemical used to prevent evaporation from surface of water in water bodies?
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A. Cetyle alcohol

B. Methyle alcohol

C. both A and B

D. None of these

3125. C:N ratio of microorganism:
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A. 15:1-20:1

B. N0ne of the above

C. 10:1-15:1

D. 4:1-8:1

3126. Transportation & cementation of primary rocks:
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A. All of the above

B. Sedimentary rocks

C. Secondary rocks

D. Aqueous rocks

3127. Who consider the various properties of soil in relation to plant production?
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A. Soil chemist

B. Pedologist

C. agronomist

D. Edaphologists
3128. The soils most prone to structural crusts are those which are higher in_________?
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A. Clay content

B. Sodium content

C. Silt content

D. Both A & B
3129. In Balochistan, deserts also exists in _________, which supoorts wind erosion excluding rocky mountains:
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A. Desert of Kharan

B. Noshki

C. Both A & B

D. Qilla SaifUllah

3130. Rhizosphere is:
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A. Area with in the roots

B. Root surface

C. An area of soil in from root surface to 10 cm

D. An area of soil in immediate vicinity around root
3131. swelling clay soils, develop cracks due to greater proportion of swelling type clays:
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A. Vertisols

B. Alfisols

C. None of the above

D. Ultisols

3132. The immobilization and accumulation of the eluviated constituents at some depth beneath the soil surface:________?
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A. Eluviation

B. Iluviation

C. Melanization

D. Illuviation
3133. Soils that have more than 20% organic matter are termed as organic soils. These are also called:________?
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A. Peat soil

B. solonchalk soil

C. Muck soil

D. Both a and c
3134. Erosion permitting and erosion resisting crops grow alternatively at right angle to the slope of the land is called as:_________?
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A. Strip planting

B. All of the above

C. Cover planting

D. Linear planting

3135. Thick concordant bodies which force the overlying sediments to form dome-shaped hills are called_____________________?
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A. Batholiths

B. Dike

C. Pegmatic

D. Laccoliths
3136. Who gave the equation for study of soil property ?
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A. Jenny

B. Newton

C. Ziebig

D. Neil

3137. Nitrogen gases are involved in_____________________?
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A. Sleepy feelings

B. Acid rains

C. Hair disease

D. Mental disease

3138. The available from of nitrogen for plant is________________?
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A. NO<sub>3</sub>

B. NH<sub>4</sub>

C. Both a & b

D. None of the above

3139. Which rock is harder_________________?
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A. Sand stone

B. Sedimentary

C. Metamorphic

D. Igneous

3140. Widely spread saprophytic fungi is________________________?
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A. None of the above

B. Endospore

C. Basidiomycetes

D. Ascomycetes
3141. The complex fertilizer Nitrophos available in the market contains_____________________?
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A. 23%N & 23% P2O3

B. None of the above

C. 25%N & 23% P2O3

D. 46%N & 23% P2O3

3142. Size of clay particle is___________________?
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A. 0.2mm

B. 0.02mm

C. 2mm

D. 0.002mm

3143. The molar mass of NaCl is_____________________?
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A. 43.28

B. 50.58

C. 58.58

D. 56.58

3144. Deep percolation from a soil profile is generally measured by a device known as_____________________?
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A. Hydrometer

B. Tensiometer

C. Lysimeter

D. Thermometer

3145. pF unit is used for the measurement of_____________________?
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A. Negative soil water potential

B. Hydraulic conductivity

C. Hydraulic potential

D. All the above

3146. Gold is___________________?
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A. Primary element

B. Native element

C. Heavy metal

D. Secondary element

3147. The process of accumulation of excess quantity of nutrients in water causing O2 deficiency is known as_____________________?
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A. Eutrophication

B. Nitrification

C. Sedimentation

D. Denitrification

3148. Particular matter consists of____________________?
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A. Solid and liquid

B. None of the above

C. CO2 & N

D. Solid and gases

3149. Secondary air pollution is _____________________?
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A. CO3

B. HNO3

C. CO2

D. All the above
3150. Organic P content in soil, by ignition method is estimated by igniting the soil at ____________________?
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A. 1000C

B. 550C

C. 250C

D. 1250C