3051. Principles of soil conservation does not include:
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A. Construction of mini dams & ponds to store water for live stock & other porposes

B. Use non-arable lands effectively

C. Minimize run-off & store surplus water

D. Leave barren lands uncultivable to support desrtification degradation
3052. Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cu, are also called __________:
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A. Micro elements

B. Trace elements

C. Both A & B

D. None of these

3053. Availability of Zn is higher to crops in:_________?
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A. Sodic soils

B. Acid soils

C. Saline soils

D. Saline-sodic soils

3054. Accumulation of Al and Fe oxides and clays coming from the upper profile layers:
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A. Zone of evaluation

B. Zone of eluviation

C. Zone of Illuviation

D. None of the above

3055. Nitrosomonas and nitrobacter are together as called_____________?
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A. Nitrification

B. Nitrobacteria

C. Nitosomonas

D. Ammonification

3056. The nutrient element silicon (Si) is:_________?
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A. Beneficial

B. Harmful

C. Both a and b

D. None of the above

3057. A group of soils with same parent material but located at different positions of slope?
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A. Biosequence

B. Chronosequence

C. Cateena

D. Catena
3058. Walkley and Blacks method of organic matter determination allows recovery of _____% organic carbon content:
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A. 54%

B. 62.50%

C. 34%

D. 74 %
3059. The appropriate method to apply phosphatic fertilizers is__________?
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A. Top dressing

B. Broad casting

C. both A and B

D. Basal placement
3060. The Tree sends down roots from its branches to the soil is known as:___________?
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A. Oak

B. Banyan

C. Palm

D. Pine

3061. The resistance of a soil at various moisture contents to mechanical stresses or manipulations:
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A. Soil crusting

B. Soil consistence

C. Bulk Density

D. Both a & c

3062. Which of the following fertilizers show maximum residual acidity with the continuous soil application:
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A. Ammonium sulphate

B. Ammonium nitrate

C. Calcium ammonium nitrate

D. Urea

3063. The credit for identifying the essentality of nitrogen to plants goes to________?
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A. Shafiq Baloch at.el

B. Theodore-saussure

C. Dr.Muhammad Sharif

D. Sach and knoop

3064. Previously Essential nutrients required for the growth of plants were sixteen. In recent time the essential nutrients required for the growth of plants are:_________?
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A. 18

B. 17

C. None of the above

D. 16

3065. Most common rocks, after exposed to weathering which cover about ______% 0f the earth:
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A. Igneous rocks

B. metamorphic rocks

C. Shales

D. Sedimentary rocks
3066. The tree sends down roots from its branches to the soil is know as:_______?
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A. Pine

B. Oak

C. Banyan

D. Palm

3067. Which of the following is not a metamorphic rock?
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A. Marble

B. Granite

C. Sand stone

D. both A & B
3068. Which of the following crops is most tolerant to salty soils?
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A. Carrot

B. Rice

C. Cotton

D. Corn

3069. What is the formula of urea?
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A. None of these

B. NH<sub>2</sub>-CO-NH-CO-NH<sub>2</sub>

C. (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>

D. CO (NH2)2
3070. The mineral component of soil consists of_________?
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A. Air

B. Water

C. both A and B

D. none of the above
3071. Sustainable Technologies to Control Water-Logging:
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A. Planting of eucalyptus in water-logged areas.

B. Installation of tube-wells for irrigation and vertical drainage.

C. All of these

D. Planning and designing of future canals on proper lines.

3072. A mineral horizon that is either too thin, too light in colour, too low in organic matter:
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A. Mollic epipedon

B. Ochric epipedon

C. Umbric epipedon

D. Melanic epipedon

3073. Pedogenic processes bring about changes in the parent materials in the form of _____________________, within the soil body (soil profile)?
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A. Additions, losses

B. Transfers and transformations

C. both A and B

D. None of the above

3074. Association of two microorganisms in which one is benefited while other remains unaffected is known as:________?
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A. Ammensalism

B. This statement is wrong

C. Commensalism

D. Competetion

3075. Source of negative charges on silicate clays is/ are________?
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A. Isomorphous substitution

B. All of these

C. Anion exchange

D. Exposed crystal edges

3076. There are twelve soil orders found in the world of which six soil orders have been recognized at various locations are________?
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A. Andisols, Gelisols, Histosols, Spodosols, Oxisols, Ultisols

B. The above statement is wrong

C. Andisols, Aridisols, Histosols, Vertisols, Regosols, Libosols

D. Entisols, Inceptisols, Aridisols, Alfisols, Mollisols, Vertisols
3077. Following are types if erosion:
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A. All of these

B. Rill & Gully erosion

C. Normal (geological) erosion & Accelerated erosion

D. Rain splash & sheet erosion

3078. According to a latest research, Pakistan is predominantly a dryland country; 80% of its land area is arid and semi arid, 12% sub-humid and 8% under humid climate. Thus , soils of arid & semi-arid regions are vulnerable to a wide range of degradation process. As the case in arid and semi-arid climates elsewhere in south-central/southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa; _________________ are among the major causes of soil degradation and desertification?
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A. Accelerated erosion & salinization

B. All of the above

C. Drought stress

D. Depletion of soil fertility and SOM

3079. Which one of the following techniques is used for assessing available P in soil and does not include growing plants:
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A. a-Value

B. A-Value

C. E-Value

D. L-Value

3080. Surface removal of ice or snow from a glacier or snowfield by melting, sublimation, and/ or calving:
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A. Bank-Caving

B. Ablation

C. Abrasion

D. Backplain

3081. The movement of water through a column of soil is called:___________?
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A. Leaching

B. Percolation

C. Infiltration

D. hydraulic conductivity

3082. An intrazonal group of dark calcareous soils high in clay and having mainly montmorillonitic type clay are called as:________?
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A. Regur

B. Montmorillosol

C. Regosol

D. Ragour

3083. Which chemical used to prevent evaporation from surface of water in water bodies?
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A. Cetyle alcohol

B. Methyle alcohol

C. both A and B

D. None of these

3084. The planned development, distribution and use water resources:
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A. Water distribution

B. Water management

C. both A & B

D. None of the above

3085. Organic matter in Pakistani soils is generally:_________?
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A. less than 1 %

B. 3%

C. 5%

D. less than 10 %

3086. The evolution of new species is known as_____________?
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A. Speciation

B. None of these

C. Smog

D. Specialization

3087. According to the Soil survey of Pakistan, the total waterlogged summer-rain area in the country is:_________?
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A. 22.5 mha

B. 4.11 mha

C. The above statement is wrong

D. 5.16 mha

3088. The water diffusivity has the units of:__________?
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A. cm2

B. s/cm

C. cm2/s

D. cm/s

3089. Fossils are found in__________type of rocks:
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A. Sedimentary rocks

B. Metamorphic rocks

C. Aqueous rocks

D. both A & C
3090. In Pakistan, The following igneous rocks are found over considerable areas:
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A. Slate, Shist

B. Marl, gypsum

C. Dolomite shale, gneiss

D. None of the above
3091. Which element is found highest in earth crust?
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A. None of the above

B. Aluminum

C. Sodium

D. Silicon

3092. Which type of soil is found near the canal banks:
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A. Alkaline

B. Acidic & Alkaline

C. Calcareous

D. Acidic

3093. Depending on the percentage of sand, silt, clay, soils are divided into _______ textural classes:
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A. 12

B. 14

C. 13

D. 9

3094. Decomposition of the organic matter in submerged soil is carried out by?
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A. Algae

B. None of the above

C. Actinomycetes

D. Fungi

3095. Which of the following is a component of nucleic acid and protein:
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A. Ca

B. None of the above

C. N

D. Mg

3096. Soil Organic Matter (SOM) which consists of about _______ % organic carbon plays a vital role by providing macro & micro nutrients:
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A. 72%

B. 62%

C. Al of the above

D. 58%
3097. The process by which nutrients chemicals or contaminants are dissolved and carried away by water, or are moved into a lower layer of soil:
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A. Percolation

B. Infiltration

C. Leaching

D. Seeping

3098. The soil samples are dried at _______________, for gravimetric soil analysis?
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A. 110 <sup>0</sup>C

B. 120 <sup>0</sup>C

C. both A and B

D. 105 0C
3099. Most abundant organic compound in nature?
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A. Lignin

B. Hemicellulose

C. Cellulose

D. All of these

3100. Select the water soluble phosphatic fertilizer from the following__________?
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A. All of these

B. SSP

C. DSP

D. TSP