2601. In cotton, zn deficiency is known as_________?
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A. Mottle leaf

B. None of these

C. Fern leaf

D. Little leaf
2602. Association of two microorganisms in which one is benefited while other remains unaffected is known as:________?
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A. Competetion

B. Commensalism

C. Ammensalism

D. This statement is wrong

2603. What are diatoms?
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A. Soil Bacteria

B. None of these

C. Soil Algae

D. Soil Fungi

2604. Basalt is a __________ rock:
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A. fine-grained

B. Dark coloured

C. both A & B

D. None of the above

2605. Although some acid soils do exist in the northern mountainous regions of Pakistan (Mansehra, Sawat, Dir). Almost all cultivated soils of the country are ________________, with high base saturation and low organic matter content (generally less than 1%)?
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A. Alkaline

B. Very much acidic

C. Calcareous

D. both A & C
2606. Fossils are found in__________type of rocks:
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A. Sedimentary rocks

B. Metamorphic rocks

C. Aqueous rocks

D. both A & C
2607. swelling clay soils, develop cracks due to greater proportion of swelling type clays:
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A. Vertisols

B. Alfisols

C. None of the above

D. Ultisols

2608. C:N ratio of microorganism:
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A. 10:1-15:1

B. 15:1-20:1

C. N0ne of the above

D. 4:1-8:1

2609. Small rivulets or finger like channels formed on the surface of earth by action of water, these channels are of small depth & can be leveled by tillage operations is:
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A. None of these

B. Gully erosion

C. Stream bank erosion

D. Sheet erosio.

2610. Pakistan has _________% area under forest?
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A. None of these

B. 5.7%

C. 10%

D. 3.50%

2611. Which of the following is not the soil order prevail in Pakistan?
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A. Alfisols

B. Mollisols

C. Aridisols

D. None of the above
2612. Cotton bollworms, sugarcane borers are_____________?
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A. Key pest

B. Major pest

C. Secondary pest

D. I do not agree with above statement

2613. The major soil fertility problems in Pakistani soils deficiencies of N, P and Zn. Deficiencies K, Fe, and B also occur in specific crop genotypes or soil types, while deficiencies of S, Cu, and Mn are negligible. however, the common nutrient deficiencies are_________________: and some micronutrients including Mo?
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A. N, P, K

B. Ca, Mg, S

C. both A & B

D. The above statement is wrong

2614. The horizons O, A, E and B (other than r and C) are collectively called_____________?
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A. Regolith

B. Outer core

C. inner core

D. Solum
2615. Organic (O) horizon is absent in_________?
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A. Non-arable soils

B. Mollisols

C. Arable soils

D. Histosols

2616. Which of the following statement is wrong regarding, Soil ____________?
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A. Dirt which is threat to all living life & crop production

B. Medium for plant growth & Habitat for organisms

C. Regulates water supply & recycles waste materials

D. Engineering medium & modifies the atmosphere

2617. Each layer of phyllosilicates is composed of two types of sheets:
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A. Tetrahedral sheet

B. Triple octahedral sheet

C. Octahedral sheet

D. Both A & C
2618. _________is probably the most important growth limiting factor in acid soils especially those having pH below 5.0-5.5?
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A. Calcium

B. Potassium

C. Aluminium

D. Nitrogen

2619. Organic matter in Pakistani soils is generally:_________?
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A. less than 1 %

B. 3%

C. less than 10 %

D. 5%

2620. The resistance of a soil at various moisture contents to mechanical stresses or manipulations:
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A. Soil crusting

B. Soil consistence

C. Bulk Density

D. Both a & c

2621. According to a latest research, Pakistan is predominantly a dryland country; 80% of its land area is arid and semi arid, 12% sub-humid and 8% under humid climate. Thus , soils of arid & semi-arid regions are vulnerable to a wide range of degradation process. As the case in arid and semi-arid climates elsewhere in south-central/southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa; _________________ are among the major causes of soil degradation and desertification?
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A. Accelerated erosion & salinization

B. Depletion of soil fertility and SOM

C. Drought stress

D. All of the above
2622. Who will decompose organic matter first:
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A. Fungi imperfecti

B. Basidiomycetes

C. Actinomycetes

D. Bacteria

2623. What is a soil horizon?
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A. Soil texture

B. Soil structure

C. All of these

D. Layers of soil
2624. In no tillage systems, the soil layers have?
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A. Higher total pore space

B. Lowe bulk density

C. Higher bulk density

D. None of the above

2625. Soils that have more than 20% organic matter are termed as organic soils. These are also called:________?
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A. Peat soil

B. solonchalk soil

C. Muck soil

D. Both a and c
2626. Soil Organic Matter (SOM) which consists of about _______ % organic carbon plays a vital role by providing macro & micro nutrients:
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A. 62%

B. Al of the above

C. 72%

D. 58%
2627. Weathering is the natural process of__________?
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A. Disintegration

B. Sedimentation

C. Decomposition

D. both A & C
2628. What is the concentration of pure water?
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A. 55.5 mol/L

B. 45.5 mol/L

C. Both a and b

D. none of these

2629. Peat soils are not present in Pakistan because these are formed in___________?
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A. Cool climate

B. Acidic conditions

C. both A & B

D. None of the above

2630. ______________ consist of particles that are produced by disintegration of pre-existing rocks through the process of weathering:
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A. Clastics

B. Non-clastics

C. both A & B

D. None of the above

2631. One ha cm of water is equal to__________?
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A. 100 tonnes of water

B. 100000 litres of water

C. Both A & B

D. 10 tonnes of water

2632. 1 meq of HCl is equal to_________?
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A. 14 mg of N

B. 0.14 mg of N

C. 1.4 mg of N

D. 140 mg of N

2633. In Pakistan, the major phosphatic fertilizers are:
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A. DAP

B. All of Above

C. SSP

D. Nitrophos

2634. Which nutrients are immobile in plants?
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A. Ca

B. P

C. B

D. Both A & C
2635. Main kind of insect pests are___________________?
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A. Major pest & Minor pest

B. Migrant pest & potential pest

C. both A & B

D. None of the above

2636. Accumulation of soluble salts in soil________?
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A. Desalinization

B. Alkalization

C. All off these

D. Salinization
2637. Nitrogen fixation is accomplished by:_________?
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A. Plants

B. Bacteria from atmosphere

C. Fungi

D. None of these
2638. Which of the following are secondary minerals:
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A. Clay minerals

B. Iron and aluminiumoxides

C. Amorphous silicates

D. All of the above
2639. Which of the following is wrong?
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A. The arrangement of soil aggregates is called soil structure.

B. Soil texture influences behavior of soil.

C. The relative percentage of sand, silt, clay is soil texture.

D. Sandy soils have higher sand percentage with more water holding capacity
2640. The deficient macronutrient in the sodic soils is:_______?
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A. Mg

B. Cu

C. Mo

D. Ca
2641. Soil order characterized by excess of weathering with dominant iron and aluminium oxide clays, common in tropics is_________?
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A. Alfisols

B. Mollisols

C. Entisols

D. Oxisols
2642. Process of mixing of soils is known as_________?
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A. Gleization

B. Laterization

C. The correct option is not present above

D. Lessivage

2643. Specific heat of organic matter is______?
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A. None of these

B. 0.33

C. 0.44

D. 0.22

2644. What percentage of Agriculture in GDP?
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A. 21.5

B. 19.8

C. 18.5

D. 20.9

2645. The relative abundance of three types of rocks ( igneous-metamorphic- sedimentary) in the earths crust is_________?
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A. none of A & B

B. 7.9% 27.7 % 64.4

C. 64.7 % 27.4 % 7.9 %

D. 12.5 % -12.5 % 75%

2646. The instrument used for measuring the photosynthetically active radiations (PAR) is:________?
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A. Pyrheliometer

B. Pyrgeometer

C. Quantom sensor

D. Both A & C

2647. Aridisols cover the largest in Pakistan_______?
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A. 269,810 km<sup>2</sup>

B. 278,910 km<sup>2</sup>

C. 259,710 km2

D. None of these

2648. Tunnel erosion is the form of:__________?
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A. Rill erosion

B. Gully Erosion

C. Rainsplash erosion

D. Sheet erosion

2649. About 40% of the total area of Pakistan is affected by wind erosion. this includes:_________?
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A. All of the above

B. Parts of Mianwali and D.G

C. Thal, Cholistan

D. Tharparkar & vast areas of Balochistan

2650. In low-rainfall areas, huge shifting sand dunes are commonly found, particularly near human habitations. Techniques of afforesting the shifting dunes needed to be implemented. These techniques consist of___________?
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A. Treatment of shifting sand-dunes by fixing barriers in parallel stripes or in a chess-board design, using the local shrub material starting from the crest of the dunes to protect the seedlings from burial or exposure by the blowing of sand.

B. Protection against biotic interference

C. Both a & b

D. None of these