2551. If the chlorophyll content in plant increases, the solar radiation transmitted:
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A. None of these

B. Decreases

C. Constant

D. Increases

2552. Rhizoplane is________?
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A. An area of soil from root surface to 5 cm

B. All of them

C. Area within the roots

D. Root surface
2553. _________ erosion is the removal of a thin layer of soil by water acting over the whole surface. This type of erosion damaged very fertile lands located on slopes, some of which have been eroded to a depth of about 15 cm.
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A. Gully erosion

B. Rain splash rill erosion

C. Sheet erosion

D. Stream bank erosion

2554. The process of transformation of raw organic matter into humus:
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A. Humification

B. Calcification

C. Illuviation

D. Horizonation

2555. A and B horizon is called as_________?
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A. None of the above

B. Inner core

C. Solam

D. Regolith

2556. BGA was discovered as a nitrogen fixer in paddy field by ?
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A. Beijerinck

B. None of the above

C. P.K dey

D. Fred

2557. The soils in which the weathered material is taken away to other place by several agents are called__________?
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A. Aeolian soil

B. Alluvial soil

C. None of these

D. Transported soil
2558. The largest soil order in Pakistan?
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A. Entisols

B. Inceptisols

C. Vertisols

D. Aridisols
2559. Which of the following techniques is/are used for the soil fertility evaluation?
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A. All of these

B. Plant tissue testing

C. Soil testing

D. Aspergillus niger test

2560. What is the optimum temperature and pH for nitrifying bacteria ?
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A. 25-40 c, pH 8-8.5

B. All of thses

C. >35 c, pH less than 5

D. 30-35 c, pH 5.5

2561. The diagnostic techniques used in evaluating soil nutrient status and determining fertilizer requirements of the crop include:
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A. Nutrient deficiency symptoms & field experimentation

B. All of the above

C. Greenhouse pot experimentation & soil testing

D. Plant analysis

2562. Which of the following crops is most tolerant to salty soils?
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A. Corn

B. Carrot

C. Rice

D. Cotton
2563. The unique soil environment under the influence of plants roots is called rhizosphere and this term was given by__________?
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A. Aristotle et al.

B. Hiltner

C. Helium. S. Denial

D. A.Q khan

2564. In tomato, Boron deficiency leads to:__________?
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A. Silvering

B. Piffiness

C. All of the above

D. Cracking
2565. Organic matter influences:_________?
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A. Cation exchange capacity

B. All of the above

C. Water holding capacity

D. Aggregate stability

2566. Which is/are dominating salt/s in alkali soil:
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A. NaHCO<sub>3</sub>

B. Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>

C. MgSO<sub>4</sub>

D. th a & b
2567. _________refers to the increase in density of a soil as a result of applied load or pressure?
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A. Compaction

B. Pudding

C. Plough soles

D. Traffic soles

2568. The indicator used for the the estimation of the organic matter or organic carbon is;_________?
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A. Mixed indicator

B. Diphenylamine indicator

C. Both a and b

D. None of the above

2569. The term rhizosphere was coined by:___________?
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A. Winogrdsky

B. Baussingault

C. Liebig

D. Hiltner
2570. Most common rocks, after exposed to weathering which cover about ______% 0f the earth:
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A. Sedimentary rocks

B. Igneous rocks

C. metamorphic rocks

D. Shales

2571. International Union of Forest Research Organization (IUFRO) is located:
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A. Pakistan

B. Germany

C. Austria

D. Both a & b

2572. Soils that have more than 20% organic matter are termed as:__________?
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A. Muck soils

B. All of these

C. Peat soils

D. Organic soils

2573. According to one estimate, wind and water erosion over ______ % of the Pakistans total area?
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A. 76%

B. None of the above

C. 36%

D. 46%

2574. What kind of nitrogenous (N) fertilizers should not be used for flooded soil:
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A. Ammonical

B. Nitrate

C. Ammonical-nitrate

D. Both B & C
2575. In Pakistan, The following igneous rocks are found over considerable areas:
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A. Dolomite shale, gneiss

B. None of the above

C. Slate, Shist

D. Marl, gypsum

2576. Which of the following is not a metamorphic rock?
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A. Marble

B. Granite

C. Sand stone

D. both A & B
2577. A mineral horizon that is either too thin, too light in colour, too low in organic matter:
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A. Ochric epipedon

B. Melanic epipedon

C. Umbric epipedon

D. Mollic epipedon

2578. Select the water soluble phosphatic fertilizer from the following__________?
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A. TSP

B. All of these

C. DSP

D. SSP

2579. Sustainable technologies to improve soil fertility and physical condition:
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A. Balance use of NPK fertilizers according to the need of crops.

B. Following proper crop rotation (shallow rooted and deep root crops) in the cropping session.

C. All of the above

D. Regular use of FYM, Composts, acidic mulches, Green manures and Organic fertilizers to increase OM content of Soil.

2580. The removal of excess water from the ground surface is called:________?
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A. Drainage

B. Surface operations

C. All of the above

D. Sub-surface drainage

2581. The movement of water through a column of soil is called:___________?
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A. Percolation

B. Infiltration

C. hydraulic conductivity

D. Leaching

2582. Walkley and blacks method of organic matter determination allows recovery of ______ ? organic carbon content:
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A. 45 ?

B. None of the above

C. 33?

D. 44 ?

2583. Examples of prismatic structures are found in the _______________ mapped in KPK and the northern part of Punjab.
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A. wazirabad & pindorian series

B. Peshawar series

C. Gujranwala series

D. All of the above
2584. Composition of igneous rock is determined by___________?
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A. Depth of molten magma

B. Composition of molten magma

C. Both A and B

D. Composition can not be determined.

2585. Systematic examination of soil in the field and laboratories, their description and grouping according to classification system:
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A. The answer of statement is not in options

B. Soel survay

C. Detailed soil survey

D. Reconnaissance survey

2586. Following are types if erosion:
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A. Rill & Gully erosion

B. Rain splash & sheet erosion

C. Normal (geological) erosion & Accelerated erosion

D. All of these

2587. What is the total length of irrigated canals in Pakistan?
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A. 62000 km

B. 64000 km

C. 58000 km

D. 66000 km

2588. A horizon of the soil is also designated:
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A. None of the above.

B. Illuviated horizon

C. Alluvial horizon

D. Eluvistal horizon

2589. The very high temperatures required for ICP-AES are attained by__________?
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A. Quartz

B. None of these

C. Carbon

D. Plasma
2590. Which type of soil is found near the canal banks:
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A. Acidic & Alkaline

B. Acidic

C. Alkaline

D. Calcareous

2591. Accumulation of Al and Fe oxides and clays coming from the upper profile layers:
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A. Zone of evaluation

B. None of the above

C. Zone of Illuviation

D. Zone of eluviation

2592. The configuration of a surface and the relations among its man-made and natural features is called:________?
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A. topograpy

B. All of the above

C. Tofography

D. Topography
2593. Crysanthemum is propagated by___________?
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A. corals

B. None

C. corms

D. Suckers
2594. What is the formula of urea?
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A. NH<sub>2</sub>-CO-NH-CO-NH<sub>2</sub>

B. None of these

C. (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>

D. CO (NH2)2
2595. A group of soils with same parent material but located at different positions of slope?
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A. Cateena

B. Catena

C. Biosequence

D. Chronosequence

2596. The basic form of present day Universal soil loss equation (USLE), initially involved the use of factors such as ________?
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A. R, K, S and L

B. R, K, S, L, C and P

C. R, K and S

D. R and K

2597. Decomposition of the organic matter in submerged soil is carried out by?
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A. None of the above

B. Actinomycetes

C. Fungi

D. Algae

2598. Combination of soil genesis and classification is collectively called_________?
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A. Edaphology

B. None of the above

C. Pedology

D. Poly pedology

2599. What is Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)?
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A. Bacteria

B. Fungi

C. both A & B

D. None of the above

2600. Walkley and Blacks method of organic matter determination allows recovery of _____% organic carbon content:
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A. 54%

B. 34%

C. 74 %

D. 62.50%