sociology Mcqs
901. Changes in the social structure of a society is called_______________?
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A. Social Change

B. None of these

C. Cultural Change

D. Structural Change

902. ________________ view standards of deviant behavior as merely reflecting cultural norms whereas __________ and _______________ theorists point out that the most powerful groups in a society can shape laws and standards and determine who is (or is not) prosecuted as a criminal ?
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A. conflict theorists functionalists labelling

B. functionalists conflict labelling

C. conflict theorists labelling functionalist

D. labelling theorists conflict functionalist

903. Auguste Comte described _________________?
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A. None of these

B. Two stages

C. Four stages of social change

D. Three stages
904. Which sociological perspective minimizes change?
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A. each of the above

B. interactionist perspective

C. functionalist perspective

D. conflict perspective

905. Selective confinement_______________?
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A. cannot keep hard core criminals off the street

B. maximizes effective use of prison bed space

C. is an effort to address the problem of one-time criminals

D. does keep hard core criminals off the street
906. Unverified information that is passed on from person to person is called a______________?
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A. contagion

B. rumor

C. convention

D. metaphor

E. gossip

907. The most common master statuses are based on what ?
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A. gender and race

B. family and peer groups

C. education and occupation

D. class and income

908. In Gesellschaft the society of tradition is replaced with the society of ______________?
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A. None of these

B. Contract

C. Modern ideas

D. Impersonal relations

909. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of social control processes ?
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A. formal and informal sanctions

B. internalization of norms

C. conformity with norms

D. the structure of social experience

910. The term ethnomethodology was coined by______________?
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A. Anthony Giddens

B. Harold Garfinkel

C. Erving Goffman

D. Max Weber

911. An open society is one that_____________?
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A. grants every member equal status

B. has permissive attitudes towards sexual behavior

C. does not have any official secrets in its government

D. allows people to move between levels of the hierarchy
912. The Prisoners Dilemma Game simulates a situation in which_____________?
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A. both partners can benefit if each play competitively

B. both partners can benefit if each plays cooperative

C. you are more likely to employ a cooperative strategy if your partner exhibits cooperation early and consistently

D. neither you nor your partner can win

913. The terms Primary and Secondary thus describe a type of relationship and do not imply that one is more____________ than other?
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A. formal

B. Important

C. Informal

D. None of these

914. It is difficult to ascertain the true extent of domestic violence because___________?
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A. researchers are not allowed access to official statistics

B. there is a large dark figure of unreported incidents

C. the changing definitions of legal categories have made it harder to convict offenders

D. there is no valid or reliable way of researching such a sensitive topic

915. Social mobility may be experienced by_____________?
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A. Only groups

B. Only by individuals

C. By individual or by entire group

D. None of these

916. Mobility oriented behavior education Work habits are______________?
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A. Individual factor

B. Structural

C. both a and b

D. None of these

917. Domestic violence is physical abuse by one family member against another which two of the following are most likely to be victims of such abuse ?
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A. male partners/spouses and children

B. female partners/spouses and older relatives

C. female partners/spouses and children

D. older relatives and children

918. Ethnic identity refers to______________?
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A. the imposition of a racial label on a minority by a powerful majority

B. a felt sense of group of group membership on basis of religion language or history

C. the objective categories of ethnicity used in the census

D. the fragmented and pluralistic nature of ethnicity

919. Downward mobility factors are______________?
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A. Same

B. different from those

C. Opposite to those of upward mobility

D. None of these

920. A person is consciously motive primarily by his_______________?
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A. Social values

B. None of these

C. Real traits

D. Picture of himself

921. An instance of focused interaction is called______________?
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A. a meeting

B. an event

C. an Encounter

D. a moment

922. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding evolutionary perspectives on social change ?
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A. Parsons suggested that societies tend become simpler over time

B. Lenski argues that evolution depends largely on changes in a societys level of technology and made of economic production

C. Contemporary approaches take a unilinear view of evolution and assume all change equals progress

D. Social Darwinists like Spencer see evolution as inevitably leading to the downfall of society

923. Disciplinary power was exercised in the 19th century factories by_______________?
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A. punctuality uninterrupted work and the threat of dismissal

B. the use of corporal punishment by employers

C. excluding women from participating in waged labor

D. making routine tasks less monotonous

924. The Macpherson Report highlighted the increasing problem of_____________?
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A. growing numbers of asylum seekers in need of long-term accommodation

B. institutional racism systematic forms of disadvantage built into the routines and practices of social institutions

C. hate crimes violence against ethnic minorities simply because of their race

D. overt racism in the police force that must be tackled by institutional reforms

925. Groups are of two types the more close and intimate groups is_____________?
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A. Secondary

B. Primary

C. Both a &

D. None of these

926. __________________ groups often emerge in the workplace among those who share special understandings about their occupation ?
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A. formal organizations

B. out-groups

C. secondary

D. primary

927. Which of the following was not identified as a major theoretical perspective on social change ?
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A. Functional theory

B. interactionist theory

C. Conflict theory

D. Evolutionary theory

E. Cyclical theory

928. Cyclical theorists_______________?
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A. believe that cultures pass through stages of growth quite different from the ones individuals pass through

B. focus on analyzing a single society at a time

C. postulate that each culture possesses a life span of approximately 200 years

D. try to predict the course of a civilization or society
929. A group with which we identify and to which we belong is called a(n) ?
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A. secondary group

B. reference group

C. relationship

D. in-group
930. Ideological notions of equality of opportunity are irrelevant in deciding the positions of individuals to different statues in a_____________ system of mobility ?
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A. closed

B. Broad

C. None of these

D. Open

931. The third age of the life course is said to involve ?
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A. active non-work and independence after retirement

B. illness isolation and increasing dependence on others

C. full time employment family-building and adult responsibility

D. the transition from education to work and distinctive youth cultures

932. Which of the following statements about small groups is correct________________?
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A. all small groups are primary groups

B. all small groups are secondary groups

C. many small groups differ from primary groups in that they do not necessarily offer the intimate personal relationships characteristic of primary groups

D. both b and c

933. Which sociological perspective emphasizes that in comparison with women men can drw on larger social networks that are useful in locating employment opportunities ?
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A. clinical perspective

B. interactionist perspective

C. conflict perspective

D. functionalist perspective

934. What is the optimum group size for problem solving ?
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A. two

B. four

C. five

D. three

935. Who first introduced the notion of anomie into sociology ?
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A. Comte

B. Weber

C. Marx

D. Durkheim
936. Central to the concept of social movement is the idea that _____________?
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A. people do not readily undertake joint activity

B. social movements appear only in times of controlled slow social change

C. social movements occur inside the institutional framework of everyday life

D. people intervene in the process of social change
937. What is ethnomethodology ?
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A. the study of the methods people uses to make sense of the world

B. the study of language in everyday conversations

C. the study of sociological research methods

D. the use of experiments in sociological research

938. In modern society cultural change is most likely to be the by-product of_______________?
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A. Planning

B. None of these

C. Diffusion

D. Social struggle

939. The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups are stressed by____________?
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A. interactionists

B. functionalists

C. conflict theorists

D. classical theorists

940. The career mobility of married women is still greatly handicapped by_______________?
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A. other rival women

B. household duties

C. men

D. None of these

941. when we shift from primary to secondary group we also shift from________________?
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A. Formal to informal control

B. Informal to formal

C. None of these

D. General to specialized

942. In primary groups social contacts are____________?
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A. informal

B. Social

C. None of these

D. formal

943. The term secondary deviation refers to________________?
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A. all of the above

B. the ways in which taking on a deviant role affects future action

C. the labelling of an act as deviant through social reactions to it

D. the punishment or stigmatization of deviant acts

944. Which of the following describes a central change in contemporary life that has been identified by futurists ?
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A. all of the above

B. The United States is being restructured from an agrarian to an industrial society

C. High tech industries are becoming energy-and materials-intensive

D. Modern societies are increasingly shifting from a national to a global economy
945. Fred is a intelligent student Last year he was on the honor roll This year he began hanging out with friends who spend more time playing video games than studying they routinely earn C, s and D, s Over time Fred slowly stops doing his homework and turning in work for extra credit. He drops out of his honors classes and his grades drop out from mostly A, s to C, s Which theory of deviance best explains what has happened here ?
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A. differential association theory

B. Each of these theories explains the situation equally well

C. social control theory

D. structural strain theory

946. Social relations are directly proportional to_____________?
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A. None of these

B. Caste system

C. Social status

D. social Class
947. Ogburn distinguished three forms of the social effects of inventions One is Dispersion or multiple effects of a single mechanical invention for example ?
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A. Automobile

B. Radio

C. both a and b

D. None of these

948. ________ is the process by which a society moves from traditional to industrial social and economic arrangements?
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A. Development

B. Modernization

C. Social change

D. Evolution

949. Labeling theorists________________?
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A. contend that labeling people as deviant has no effect on their behavior

B. contend that in many cases those labeled deviant identity and pursue a career of deviance

C. focus on why individuals engage in deviant behavior

D. contend that some acts such as rape are inherently criminal

950. Among the approaches that seek to explain the causes of social movements which one states that revolutions are most likely to take place when a prolonged period of social and economic betterment is followed by a period of sharp reversal ?
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A. the deprivation approaches

B. none of the above

C. the resource mobilization approach

D. the capitalist collapse approach